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Frame Module

The Frame module has eight command groups, although only five icons are visible at a time in the command group row.  The Frame module command groups are:

1.  Tools Command Group

Special Functions command groups are special because they provide functions specific to four types of frame: Text, Raster Graphic, Vector Graphic and Tiling. To access a special functions command group, one of the four frame types must be selected. Click the Tools command group icon, then click the Special Functions icon.

An icon for the selected frame type will replace the second icon. The area below the command group icons displays the special functions associated with the selected frame type.

2.  Text Special Functions Command Group

3.  Raster Graphic Special Functions Command Group

4.  Vector Graphic Special Functions Command Group

5.  Tiling Special Functions Command Group

6.  Miscellaneous Functions Command Group

7.  Guidelines Command Group

8.  Display Command Group

The Special Functions command groups are accessed by clicking the second icon from the left, as shown in the top picture at left. Depending on the frame type selected in the document window, the icon will change to one of four icons representing a special functions command group.

Calamus frames possess dynamic linking ability. This means that a function can be performed simultaneously on a number of like frames. For example, you can select three text frames and rotate them at the same time; or change the border color of a group of raster area frames; or change the color and line type of several selected line frames all at the same time.

More detail about dynamic linking is found in the Line Module and Raster Area Module sections later in this chapter.


Tools Command Group

Click on the appropriate function for information on using the features found in the Tools Command Group.

Functions:

 	Frame Type

 	Group Frames

 	Uniframes

 	Select Master Page Elements

 	Ungroup Frame

 	Protect Frame

 	Proportional Sizing

 	Create Frame

 	Modify Frame

 	Copy Frame

 	Frame to Background

 	Frame to Foreground

 	Delete Frame


Frame Type

These icons let you choose the type of frame to be created. Click one of the icons and then click once in the layout window to begin drawing a frame; click again to end drawing. See Create Frame, below, for more information. You may also use these icons to identify a frame type. When you select a frame in the document window, the respective frame type icon will be selected in the command group.

Appendix G, Layout Elements, provides a general discussion of the frame types used in Calamus. The following pages explain Calamus frame types and features.

Text, Raster and Vector Graphic Frames

Text Frames and Graphic Frames

Line Frames and Raster Area Frames

Tiling Frames

Group Frames

Uniframes


Group Frames

This function lets you join separate frames into a single frame. There are two ways to use the function. The first is to click each frame while holding down the [Shift] key; then click the Group Frames icon to join them. You may also click the icon and then draw a  frame around all the frames you want to group. In the latter case, only those frames which are entirely within the group frame will be included in the group.

You cannot alter the contents of a specific frame or element within a group frame, unless one of the original frames is a virtual copy of another frame outside the group; in this case any change made to the external frame will affect the related virtual copy inside the group frame. See Copy Frame, later in this chapter, for more information.

You can resize and move group frames without difficulty. When you adjust the size of a group frame, all frames within the group will change size proportionally. This also applies to the contents of the frame: all raster or vector graphics will change size; text, however, will not resize. If you make the text frame smaller than the size of the text itself, text will no longer fit in the frame. In that case you will have to reduce the point size of the text.

You can restore a group frame to its component parts by using the Ungroup Frame function described below. Group frames are defined cumulatively, which means that a group frame can contain other group frames which can contain other group frames, and so on. Ungroup Frame will only affect the currently selected group frame.


Uniframes

A uniframe contains data that is imported by using a dedicated module. The EPS module can import an EPS graphic into a uniframe. The OLE module links a uniframe to an external application. Data created in the external application is imported into the uniframe. If the data is changed in the external application, it is automatically updated in the uniframe. OLE is supported by many Windows applications.

For example, a bitmap image can be created in a paint program and imported into a uniframe; a text file can be created in a wordprocessor and imported into a uniframe. Since those files are linked to the original application, you can edit the object (image or text) in the original application and those changes will immediately be applied to the respective uniframe in the document. More information is provided in the Object Linking and Embedding Module, chapter 5.


Select Master Page Elements

This icon allows you to select any frame created on the master page which is visible on the current document page. The only thing that you can do with these frames is place them in the foreground or background. You can also use the trashcan to remove the master page from the current page. However, if you reassign the master page, all master elements will become visible again. This function is not related to Show Master Page Elements. If you want to alter master page elements, you must do so on the master page.


Ungroup Frame

This function allows you to ungroup (explode) a group frame into its component parts. First, select a group frame; then click this icon. If the group frame contains other group frames, you will have to ungroup each one individually.


Protect Frame

Sometimes it is necessary to ensure that a frame is in exactly the right place, down to the fraction of an inch. Once you have precisely positioned the frame, you may want to make sure that you do not move, change or delete it. The Protect Frame feature locks the frame in its current position and size.

Select a frame and click the Protect Frame icon. The icon will be active and the frame handles will change from black squares to white ones. You can still edit text and graphic frames but you cannot change their size or position or delete the frame. If you protect a group frame, you cannot ungroup it as long as it remains protected.

If you decide that you want to move or delete a protected frame, simply turn the protection off. Select the frame, and click the Protect Frame icon. The icon will appear unselected and the frame handles will return to normal. If the Protect Frame icon is selected when you draw a frame, that frame will automatically be protected.


Proportional Sizing

This command affects the manner in which you draw or resize a frame. When you click this icon, it will affect the active frame, or the next one drawn. The frame handles will appear only in the four corners. Now, if you resize the frame with the mouse, it will keep its original proportion of height to width, no matter how small or large you make it. If you draw a new frame, it will be square. To turn off this function, click the icon a second time.

This function also works in conjunction with the frame coordinates. If you have Proportional Sizing selected and change either the dX or dY value in the Coordinate Display, the other value will be automatically changed to maintain the proportion between the dX and dY values.


Create Frame

In the Frame module, there are two modes: Create Frame and Modify Frame. Create Frame mode allows you to draw new frames. Modify Frame mode allows you to alter existing frames. You can select either mode by clicking its icon, or switch between them by clicking the right mouse button. The mouse pointer will change according to the mode. In Create mode it will appear as an arrow; in Modify mode it will appear as a pointing finger.

To draw a frame, click the Create Frame icon to enter draw mode; then click once to begin drawing. The Create Frame pointer changes from an arrow to a cross hair. Release the mouse button and move the cross hair in any direction. A "rubber band box" will be drawn between the location of the first mouse click and the current  position of the cross hair. Click a second time to create the frame; the rubber band box will change to the selected frame type. You can draw frames from left to right, top to bottom, or any direction you wish.

Since you do not have to keep the mouse button pressed while you draw, you can click the window's scroll bars or arrows to move to a different location of the layout window before you finish drawing; this allows you to define a frame larger than the current layout window.

To abort drawing, click the right mouse button before you click the left button a second time. The rubber band box will be discarded.

While you are drawing the frame, the Coordinate Display will show the position and size of the frame. If you want to enter values from the keyboard, do so after you have drawn the frame by clicking the Coordinate Display and typing the desired values. You can modify the size and position of any active frame in this manner.


Modify Frame

Modify Frame mode allows you to move, resize or delete frames. Once you have selected a frame, there are many other commands available to modify it. Switch to Modify Frame mode by clicking this icon, or by clicking the right mouse button while in Create Frame mode. The mouse pointer will appear as a pointing finger.

You can select an individual frame in the layout window by clicking it. To select multiple frames, press the [Shift] key while you click each frame. To deselect all frames, click the right mouse button.

You may use the mouse to select a group of frames. Place the Modify Frame pointer above and left of the frames to be selected. Click once and the pointer changes to a cross hair. Move below and right of the group of frames and click again. All frames inside the frame will be selected.

To move a frame, select it by clicking inside it. Place the pointer on the selected frame and hold down the left mouse button; the pointer will change to a hand. Move the hand pointer and the frame will follow. Release the mouse button to drop the frame in its new location. If you decide that you do not want to move the frame, simply click the right mouse button before releasing the left button, and the frame will return to its original position. If you want to move more than one frame at a time, group them first. See Group Frames and Ungroup Frame, earlier in this chapter.

You can also use the mouse to resize a frame. First, select the frame. Next, click the Modify Frame pointer (the pointing finger) on one of the eight frame handles. It will change to the cross hair pointer. Now, move the cross hair and the frame handle will follow. If you want to cancel the operation, click the right mouse button. Click the left mouse button a second time to set the new size.

If a frame is set to Proportional Sizing, you will be able to change the size of the frame, but not the proportion of width to height. Frame handles will only appear in the four corners of the frame. Drag any handle to resize the frame proportionally.

You can also change the position and size of any frame using the Coordinate Display. First, select the frame; then click the Coordinate Display. Now you can enter the new position and size from the keyboard. When you have finished inputting the values, press [Enter]. Press [Esc] to cancel.


Copy Frame

Here, and elsewhere in Calamus, the camera icon represents the copy function. There are two copy types: physical and virtual. See Copy Options in the Menus chapter for more information.

When you make a physical copy, you create a new, completely separate frame which has the same size and contents as the original. Once you have made a physical copy, you can change it without affecting the original.

A virtual copy is a separate frame; you can change its shape or position without affecting the original frame. However, a virtual copy "shares" the contents and characteristics of the original. This means that when you change the contents of a virtual copy frame, the contents of the original frame may change. If there are other virtual copies, they too may change.

When you change the contents of a virtual copy frame (or its original), Calamus will ask if you want the change to apply to all the frames linked to it by virtual copying. If you want the change to apply only to the current frame, it will become a physical copy.

You can group virtual frames without affecting their virtual nature. It is important that you do not link virtual frames to text piping chains because piping chains expect original text in every frame. The only time this will be a problem is when you make a virtual copy of a text frame which is already in a piping chain. In this case, an alert will appear, allowing you to cancel the operation or make a physical (rather than virtual) copy. The physical copy will contain all text in the piping chain.


Frame to Background

Each newly created frame is placed in the foreground. Previously created frames lie in the background, below the newest frame. If you have overlapping frames in a document, some frames or frame contents may be hidden by a frame in the foreground. This is especially true when using opaque raster area frames, which hide everything under them.

The Frame to Background function allows you to select a frame in the foreground and move it to the background. If you want to select a frame within a stack of overlapping frames, keep clicking the same spot until the desired frame is selected.


Frame to Foreground

This function is similar to Frame to Background, previous; it moves the selected frame to the foreground in front of all other frames.


Delete Frame

If you want to delete a frame, select it and then click this icon. An alert appears, giving you the chance to change your mind. If you proceed, Calamus will delete the frame. It is possible to delete more than one frame at a time. Simply select all the frames you wish to delete by clicking them while holding down the [Shift] key; then click the trashcan icon.

If you want to remove a frame from a page, but do not wish to delete it, use the Clipboard function.


Text Special Functions Command Group

For more information on any of the following, click on the appropriate choice.

Functions:

 	Text Frame

 	Footnote Frame

 	Index Frame

 	Chapter Numbering

 	Footnote Numbering

 	Show Text Flow

 	Text Flow Offset

 	Flow Text over Object

 	Flow Text around Object

 	Flow Text to the Right

 	Flow Text to the Left

 	Piping from Frame to Frame

 	Piping Text Once

 	Piping from Previous Page

 	Piping to Next Page

 	Show Piping Chain

 	Insert Frame into Piping Chain

 	Delete Frame from Piping Chain

 	Cut Piping Chain

 	Frame Indicators in Piping Chains

The Text Special Functions command group contains functions for four kinds of tasks:

Selection of Text Frame Type

Chapter and Footnote Numbering

Text Flow Around Objects

Text Piping


Text, Footnote and Index Frames

There are three types of text frame:

  Regular Text Frame

  Footnote Frame

  Index Frame

The choice of icon determines the type of information a text frame can contain.

The body text of a document should appear in a regular text frame; this frame may be joined to other text frames in a piping chain as described later in this chapter. The functions to place text in footnote and index frames are also described below. Footnote and index frames can be manipulated like other text frames. Footnote and index frames must be linked to a regular text frame which may be part of a piping chain. Every regular text piping chain can be linked to a footnote piping chain and/or an index piping chain. When you mark part of the text as a footnote or index entry, Calamus will automatically place it in the respective footnote or index frame when you use the Reformat Document function. This procedure is explained in the Text Module, chapter 5.


Chapter Numbering

Chapter numbering works much the same way as page numbering. Chapter numbering becomes visible in a document only after you have selected a chapter numbering style.

Although similar to page numbering, chapter numbering has three important differences: the chapter number will change only when a control code appears in the text; numbering can consist of up to seven levels with different numbering systems (Arabic, Roman, alphabetic); the numbering sequence and style are exclusive to each piping chain.

By inserting control codes in the text (see Insert Chapter Number in the Text chapter), you can have semi­automatic numbering to seven levels. If you want this numbering to be consistent throughout a document, the entire document must be connected in a single piping chain.

If no text frame is selected, numbering will apply to the next text frame created. When you click the Chapter Numbering icon, the dialog box below, appears:

The numbering system and starting number are stored separately for each level. To change the system for any level, click the button for that level at the bottom of the dialog box and select a numbering system above. You can enter the starting number of the current piping chain in the fields immediately above the buttons. When beginning work, the Start number should be 1 (which could also appear as A, a, I, or i).


Footnote Numbering

The numbering system for footnotes is similar to Chapter Numbering. Footnote numbering applies only to the current footnote piping chain. Footnote creation is described in detail under Footnote Entry in the Text chapter.


Show Text Flow

This command complements the four Flow Text around Object commands, discussed below. When you click this icon, Calamus will display the path which text follows when flowing around an object. This function creates a vector graphic frame in which the vector object has an editable path. The vector graphic frame will be the same size as the original text frame. You can use the Vector Editor module to change the vector's path if you wish. For more information, see the documentation for the Vector Editor Module, chapter 5.


Text Flow Offset

When activated, this feature brings up the following dialog box which lets you input an offset for text flow. Use this function to set the minimum distance between the edge of the text and an object.


Flow Text Around Object

Overlapping frames make text unreadable. The Flow Text icons allow you to flow the text in a text frame around other objects. Any type of frame can serve as an object but, in the case of raster graphic frames, the text will flow around the frame border rather than the graphic itself. With other objects, like raster areas, vector graphics and line frames, the text will follow the shape of the object in the frame. The path of the object serves as the new left or right margin of the text. You can modify the path by using the Text Flow Offset function described above.

To flow text, first select the text frame. Then select the appropriate icon to flow text to the left, right, or both sides. Now, select the frame or frames around which the text should flow. Click the same Flow Text icon a second time; Calamus will format the text around the object. A second method is to select the object frame and the text frame at the same time; then click the Flow Text icon twice.

As long as there is room for text on only one side of the object, all three flow text icons will work in the same manner. It is only when there is room for text on both sides of an object that you will see a difference in the flow of text.

The flow path which Calamus creates is bound to the text frame rather than the object. As a result, if you move the object, you will have to create a new text flow path.

This icon deletes the flow path and places the text back over the object. To delete the flow path, select a text frame where text flows around an object, and then click this icon. All formatting around objects will disappear from the frame, and the text will fill it normally.

Text Flow Examples


Piping from Frame to Frame

Before we explain this function and related ones, we will examine the concept of "piping". Imagine that you are writing a book. The text which ends at the bottom of one page should continue at the top of the next. When you delete a paragraph or even an entire page, the text should flow back to fill the space. Similarly, when you insert text, the new text should push the existing text forward, possibly onto another page. In other words, text should be able to flow back and forth between pages.

Piping from Frame to Frame allows you to join two or more text frames to form a piping chain. First, select the frame from which the text should flow; this frame may be the end of another piping chain, but cannot be another frame in the same piping chain. Next, click the Piping from Frame to Frame icon. When you move the pointer back to the layout window, you will notice that its shape has changed to the text piping pointer.

Now select the frame into which the text should flow. That frame will have an arrow in its top­left corner to show that text is flowing into it from another frame. The first frame will have an arrow in its bottom­right corner to show that text is flowing from it. Since the second frame is already selected, you can select a third text frame to which the text should flow when there is no more room in the second frame. Once you have finished selecting frames, click the Piping from Frame to Frame icon again or use the right mouse button to complete the operation.

It is not necessary to have all the frames in a piping chain on the same page or on consecutive pages. For example, you can pipe text from a frame on page 5 to a frame on page 8, back to page 6, and then forward to page 11. Such manipulation is not usually a good idea, however. There are also functions to pipe text to a frame on the next page or from the previous one - see Piping from Previous Page and Piping to Next Page.

Piping chains can also be created for index and footnote frames. Before Calamus can format index or footnote entries, it must know to what text they are related. To link a footnote (or index piping) chain to a regular text piping chain, you must create a piping link between them. This is described in detail under Footnote Entry in the Text Module, chapter 5.


Piping Text Once

When a frame holds more text than it can display, a [+] sign will appear in its bottom­right corner. If you want to display all the text, you can make the frame larger or pipe the text to another frame. This function allows you to put the rest of the text into another frame without joining the frames in a piping chain. This means that both frames will be independent of each other, and that inserting or deleting text in one will not affect the other. You can use the Piping from Frame to Frame function to join them in a piping chain later, if you wish.


Piping from Previous Page/Piping to Next Page

When you click these icons they have no effect on piping at first; they will simply place a [>] symbol in the top­left corner or bottom­right corner of a frame. The next time you add or delete a page, this marker will automatically create a piping link between the current text frame and the frame on the next and/or previous page with the corresponding symbol.  Although these markers can only appear once on each page, they can both appear in the same frame. To place these markers, select the frame, then click one of the icons. To eliminate the markers, select the frame and click the same icon again.

Here is an example for using the piping functions. Insert a new page and create a text frame; select the frame; click the Piping from Previous Page icon and the Piping to Next Page icon. Now, add as many pages as you like; after selecting Copy Layout in the Insert Empty Pages dialog box. Since all pages have text frames with these markers, the frames will be linked in a continuous piping chain - ready to flow text. When you import text, you will see that it flows from page to page in the piped text frames. The same works for pages which contain more than one text frame - the first frame should be linked to the previous page, the last frame should be linked to the next page, and the frames on the same page should be linked to each other.


Show Piping Chain

This command allows you to display the path of a piping chain. Click on the icon and piping links will appear, joining the bottom­right of one frame to the top­left of the next. If piping continues on the next page, the line will run off the right side of the page and onto the next page from the left. Click the icon a second time to turn off the display.


Insert Frame into Piping Chain

This function allows you to insert a single frame (C) between frames of an existing piping chain (Frames A and B). First, select the frame which you wish to insert into the piping chain (C). Now, click the Insert Frame into Piping Chain icon. The icon will appear in inverse video, and the mouse pointer will change to the text piping pointer when it is over the layout window.

Now, click either of the two frames (A or B) between which you want to insert a new frame. A dialog box appears, asking if you wish to insert the frame before or after the selected frame.

Make the appropriate selection and the frame will be correctly inserted in the piping chain.

The same method is used to insert a piping chain into another piping chain.


Delete Frame from Piping Chain

This function allows you to remove a single frame from a piping chain. Select the frame to be removed from the chain; then click this icon. The text will disappear from the frame and flow into the other frames of the piping chain. The frame will still exist, but it will be empty, and no longer joined to others. If you change your mind, you can put the frame back into the piping chain by using the Insert Frame into Piping Chain function.


Cut Piping Chain

This function allows you to cut a piping chain. All the text and frames on one side of the cut will form one piping chain, and all the text and frames on the other side of the cut will form a separate piping chain. Select the frame where you want to cut the chain, and click this icon. An alert will let you cut the piping chain before or after the selected frame. If you select Before, the piping icon at the top of the frame will disappear. Selecting After will remove the piping icon from the bottom of the frame. You can rejoin the chains at any time by using the Piping from Frame to Frame function.


Frame Indicators in Piping Chains

As discussed previously in the chapter, Calamus displays piping indicators for each frame in a piping chain, as long as the frame borders have not been hidden (see Show Frame Borders, later in this chapter). The 4 types of frame indicators are:

Text Overflow, indicating there is too much text for the frame.

Insufficient text to reach a selected frame in a piping chain.

Text frame is linked to a piping chain from a previous page or to the next page.

Text is flowing to or from the selected frame.


Raster Graphic Special Functions

This command group will appear when you click the second icon in the Frame command group, after selecting the icon for a raster graphic frame.

This command group contains several functions designed for working with raster graphics. For more information on raster graphics, see Rasters and Raster Graphics in Appendix B. You can manipulate the appearance of grayscale and color images by using the control line functions. You can also resize and crop images.

Functions:

Monochrome, Grayscale and Color Images

 	Set Control Line

 	Set Color Control Line

 	Resizing Raster Graphics

Optimize Size for Screen

 	Optimize Size for Printer

 	Optimize Enlargement

 	Center Image in Frame

 	Image Size Independent of Frame Size

Crop or Add to Image


Monochrome, Grayscale and Color Images

There is an important difference between these images: monochrome images contain only the colors black and white (pixel on/pixel off); grayscale images contain up to 256 different levels of gray in each pixel; color images can contain up to 256 levels in each color plane (RGB, CYMK, etc.). For more information refer to the section on Grayscale Images in Appendix D.

Raster graphics, also called "bitmap images", come from a variety of sources: drawing programs, imaging applications, screen and video captures, and scanners. Their formats may be monochrome, grayscale or color. To check the format of a bitmap image, select it; the corresponding icon will be highlighted.

Monochrome images are typically line art and logos, whereas grayscale and color images can be from photographic or imaging­ based sources. By using the icons, it is possible to convert one graphic type to another. Converting a monochrome image to grayscale will create an image with one foreground and one background color, both of which can be any one of the 256 gray values in a grayscale image. When converting from monochrome to color, the background and foreground colors can be any one of the 16,777,216 colors found in a RGB image.

When converting from grayscale and color to monochrome, a dialog will appear, allowing you to define the number of monochrome pixels to be used to tonally represent any grayscale or color pixel. The larger the number of pixels, the more accurate the tonal representation will be. However, this will also require more memory than a smaller cell arrangement. This technique is similar to digital halftoning.

Another useful feature when converting to monochrome is the use of thresholding (increasing contrast) to create line art from scanned logos and photographs. Monochrome images take less computation time to render and are ideal when generating proofs using a low resolution output device.

Converting from grayscale to color is fairly straightforward, allowing you to simulate duotones and tritones from a grayscale image. When converting a color image to grayscale, you will lose all the color values for each pixel because the pixel will be converted to its nearest grayscale equivalent. Once you have converted from color or grayscale to monochrome, you lose the tonal values from the source image. To restore tonal values, re­import the graphic.


Set Control Line

The control line of a grayscale or color image determines how the different shades will be distributed. The control line defines the relationship between the theoretical brightness of each point and its actual raster representation. For color images, there is a control line for each primary color (Red, Green and Blue) which you can modify individually or at once; these options are described below.

The Set Control Line function allows you to increase or decrease the intensity and contrast of an image. When you select a bitmap image and click the Set Control Line icon, the dialog box below appears:

The left side of the dialog box contains the current control line. Each of the 256 intensity levels for an image has a raster value, from left to right. The raster values go from bottom to top. A neutral control line, where each intensity level corresponds directly to a raster level, goes diagonally from the bottom­left corner to the top­right. For a negative image, it slants the other way; this means that the darkest values will have the brightest rasters, and vice versa.

X and Y Values

Adjust Intensity and Contrast

Freehand, Bezier and Gamma Control

Cut, Paste and Store Control Lines

Neutralize and Invert Control Lines

Apply to All

Load and Save Control Lines

A final word on setting the control line: Calamus can handle many grayscale levels, but it cannot produce output with more information than is contained in the original image. As a result, the quality of the original image has a greater effect on the image than the manner in which you manipulate its control line.


Set Color Control Line

When working with a color image, the Set Control Line dialog box can contain Red, Green and Blue or Cyan, Yellow, Magenta and Black colors in the drop­down color list. Select one color and the control line will appear in that color. On monochrome monitors, the control line appears as a dashed line. You can alter a color control line the same way as you alter a grayscale control line. All functions work the same as in the Set Control Line function, above.


Resizing Raster Graphics

Raster graphics have a fundamental problem: they are composed of raster points. Raster points have different sizes on almost every output device. If you create a raster graphic in one resolution, but want to print it in another resolution, the raster points must be enlarged or shrunk. Unfortunately, it is not always possible to do such conversions accurately.

Consider a raster which has two white raster points:

Both points in the raster are white. Let's say we want to increase the width of the raster by a factor of 1.5. As a result, there will be three raster points:

As long as the points are all black or all white, there is no problem. However, if there is one black point and one white point, how should we enlarge the raster?

The first point of the enlarged raster should be black and the third should be white, but what about the second point? The only solution is to choose black half of the time, and white the other half of the time. This will often create an ugly, streaked image.

The second problem occurs when reducing the size of a raster graphic. Let's say you want to shrink the graphic by half in each direction. As a result, you will have only one point instead of the original four. No matter what, the result can only be black or white. The subtle raster disappears, and you end up with large black or white areas. These two problems together create a moiré effect - a series of streaks in the middle of a picture.

The Optimize Size for Screen function, described below, changes the size of the currently selected graphic so that each raster point corresponds exactly to a pixel on the screen, or with a multiple of that pixel. If the Optimize Enlargement function is not selected, the graphic will always appear in its original size with each pixel corresponding to a screen pixel. If the Optimize Enlargement function is selected, the graphic will be enlarged to the next geometric multiple (2x, 4x, 8x, etc.) of the current resolution. In either case, the image will appear in its original aspect ratio (length to width proportion). Optimization avoids the distortion created when resizing a raster graphic.


Optimize Size for Screen

Select a raster graphic frame and click this icon. If the Optimize Enlargement function is active, the graphic will be enlarged to the nearest geometric multiple of its original size. Otherwise, it will appear in 1:1 correspondence with screen resolution.


Optimize Size for Printer

This function works basically the same as the Optimize Size for Screen function. The printer's resolution, once you have a printer driver installed, is used to optimize a raster graphic. Each pixel in the graphic corresponds to each printed pixel. The resulting display will be smaller than when optimized for the screen since most printers have a higher resolution than monitors.


Optimize Enlargement

This function complements the Optimize Size for Screen and Optimize Size for Printer functions described above. When this icon is selected, the function will optimize the size of the graphic to the nearest geometric multiple (2x, 4x, 8x, etc.) of screen or printer resolution, rather than to the original resolution. This means you can enlarge a picture without creating a moiré effect.


Center Image in Frame

This function, and the following two functions, affect the position of an image (or part of it) in a frame. Center Image in Frame is closely linked to the Image Size Independent of Frame Size function, next. If the latter is not active, this function has no effect. As a result, when you select this function, Image Size Independent of Frame Size will be selected automatically if you have not already selected it.

Select a raster graphic frame, and click the Center Image in Frame icon to activate this function. To deactivate it, click the icon a second time; the Image Size Independent of Frame Size icon will remain selected.

When both icons are selected, the size of the image will not change if you enlarge the frame. Furthermore, the image (which is now smaller than the frame) will be centered in the frame. This means, for example, that you can have a white border around an image when you flow text around it. When you shrink the frame, the image size will remain constant, so you can trim off part of the white border. The rest of the picture, however, will reappear if you enlarge the frame again. If the Center Image in Frame icon is selected, the middle point of the graphic will always be in the center of the frame. If you would like to display a part of the picture other than the middle section, use the Image Size Independent of Frame Size function or the Crop or Add to Image function, below.

Calamus keeps track of whether an image is independent of frame size and whether an image should be centered in its frame. When you select a raster graphic frame, the icons will change to represent the status of the image in that frame.


Image Size Independent of Frame Size

This function is required for the Center Image in Frame function to work. You can turn it on by clicking its icon, or it will turn on automatically when you select the Center Image in Frame icon. A raster image must be selected. To turn this function off, click the icon again. If the Center Image in Frame function is active, it will be turned off automatically.

If an image's size is independent of its frame size, the image will stay the same size and shape, no matter how much you enlarge or shrink the frame. If the frame is smaller than the image, it will be like a window on part of the image, just as the layout window shows part of the page. If the frame is larger than the image, the image will be surrounded by a white border.


Crop or Add to Image

You are probably familiar with the scissors icon which allows you to cut an element from one part of a document and paste it somewhere else. With the Crop function, you can cut out part of a raster graphic image or add white space around it.

First, select a raster graphic frame. When you click the Crop or Add to Image icon and move the pointer over the frame, the pointer will change from an arrow to a cross hair. Use the cross hair to define an area within the raster graphic frame, the same way that you would draw a frame. The area which you define will become the entire raster graphic and will fill the frame. If you define an area larger than the raster graphic frame, the extra area will be an opaque, white border area.


Vector Graphic Special Functions

Function:

 	Ideal Size

Once you import a vector graphic, use this feature to ensure that the vector graphic returns to the size and proportion it had when created. If you want to resize a graphic without losing its proportion, select the frame and activate Proportional Sizing before changing its size; then enlarge or reduce the frame by dragging a frame handle; or by entering a value or percentage in the dX or dY field of the Coordinate Display.


Tiling Special Functions

Functions:

 	Adjustable Tile

 	Portrait Tile

 	Landscape Tile

 	Automatic Tiling

Tiling is the method used to print a document page larger than your printer can output. For example, you could create the word Calamus two feet wide and use tiling frames to divide the output into 8.5" x 11" pages. Of course, you would have to join the pages by hand. You can define tiling frames manually, or let Calamus do so automatically. You can also set the amount by which tiling frames should overlap.


Miscellaneous Functions Command Group

Functions:

 	Write Mode

 	Frame Name

 	Rotation Angle

 	Mirror Frame Horizontally

 	Mirror Frame Vertically

 	Unrotate Frame

 	Rotate Frame

 	Module Information

Although the icon for this command group suggests rotation, the icons in this command group relate to four frame functions: Write Mode, Mirror, Name, and Frame Rotation.

The three Write Modes control screen and printer display when one frame overlaps another. To see the effect of Write modes, you must use the Page Preview module, located in the Toolbar. Overlapping frames may be the same type, or a combination of the three types.

The Name function is useful both for naming a frame and for registering the anticipated contents of empty frames. For example, if you are placing graphic frames in a layout, but wish to import the images later, you can name the graphic frame. If the frame has no contents and room allows, the name will appear on the screen within the frame.

The Mirror function will flip frames along their horizontal or vertical axis.

You can also Rotate frames. Text frames can be rotated in 1/100 degree increments (36,000 different positions), but raster graphic frames can only be rotated in 90­degree increments to avoid problems like the moiré effect. (Raster graphic frames can be rotated in 1/100 degree increments with anti­aliasing by using the Rotation module described later in this chapter.)


Write Mode

There are three Write modes: Transparent, Opaque, and Inverse. When a frame lies partially or entirely on top of another, you can use these icons to determine the effect of the overlap. To see the effect of Write modes, use Preview Display in the Toolbar.

If you click the Transparent mode icon, color and transparent areas will be transparent. You will be able to see through them to the frame underneath.

If you click the Opaque mode icon, color areas will be opaque. You will only be able to see through transparent areas. Transparent color is not available for raster graphic frames.

If you click the Inverse mode icon, wherever there are two overlapping color areas, the overlap will appear as a negative of the two colors. The icon itself illustrates the effect.

It is simple to use these icons: when you select a frame, the icon for the frame's current Write mode will be activated. Click another icon to change the mode.


Mirror Frame Horizontally

This function allows you to flip a frame along its vertical axis. Everything to the left of the center of the frame will appear on the right, and vice versa. To use this function, select a frame and click the icon. If you click the icon a second time, the frame will return to its original format.


Mirror Frame Vertically

This function allows you to flip a frame along its horizontal axis. Everything above the center of the frame will appear below, and vice versa. To use this function, select a frame and click the icon. If you click the icon a second time, the frame will return to its original format.


Frame Name

This function allows you to enter a name for an empty frame. The function is useful when you are using an empty frame as a placeholder for a photograph or other material to be imported later.

The name that you enter will appear on the screen, but not on the printout. First, select an empty frame, then click the name field. An edit field will appear at the top of the screen. Enter a name for the frame and press [Enter]. If the frame has no contents and room allows, the name will appear on the screen within the frame.

The name remains associated with the frame after you import data into it, but the name will no longer be visible on the screen. It will appear in the name field when you select the frame. If you import data into an unnamed frame, the filename of the data will appear in the name field when you select the frame. If you hide the frame's contents, the filename will appear in the frame itself.


Rotation Angle

Use this feature to enter an angle of rotation for the current frame. You can rotate text, line, raster area and vector frames in 1/100­degree increments and raster graphic frames in 90­degree increments. The point of rotation is always the center of the frame. To change the angle, click the field, enter the new angle and press [Enter]. The frame will not be rotated until you click the Rotate Frame icon: see below. When you select a frame, its angle of rotation will appear in this field.


Unrotate Frame

This function allows you to return a rotated frame to its original position by selecting the frame and clicking the Unrotate Frame icon.


Rotate Frame

When you click this icon, the selected frame will be rotated around its central point to the angle entered in the Rotation Angle function described above. If the frame is a raster graphic frame, Calamus will rotate it in 90­degree increments. If you do not select a multiple of 90, Calamus will let you abort the operation or automatically round­off to the nearest 90­degree increment.

Frames are dynamically linked. You may rotate several frames at one time. Select the frames and then click the Rotate Frame icon. All selected frames will be rotated to the chosen angle. You may also use Unrotate Frame on several frames at a time.


Module Information

This icon has been created for future use with frames linked to specific modules.


Guidelines Command Group

Functions:

 	Place Vertical Guideline

 	Place Horizontal Guideline

Move Vertical Guideline

Move Horizontal Guideline

 	Delete Guideline

 	Set Reference Pin

 	Vertical Guideline Snap

 	Vertical Grid Snap

 	Magnetic Vertical Frame

 	Horizontal Guideline Snap

 	Horizontal Grid Snap

 	Magnetic Horizontal Frame

 	Set Columns and Rows

 	Grid, Layout Ruler and Magnetic Frames

 	Delete All Guidelines

Guidelines are an important tool for laying out a document. They are displayed as dotted lines which appear on the screen, but not on the printout. They help to align objects on a page. Think of guidelines as light pencil strokes which you plan to erase.

Guidelines may be made magnetic, so that objects will snap to them. You can also use a grid for magnetic snap. A third option, magnetic frames, provides a powerful method of aligning frames in relation to other frames. Every frame can have a user­defined magnetic border area.

Calamus can also create column and row guidelines for multi­column and multi­row layout.

In summary, there are four types of guideline. The first three are: row and column guidelines, grids, and magnetic frame borders. All three types can be switched on and off, so that they are magnetic or not, and visible or not.

The fourth type of guideline, known as the Minimal Margin, is only visible when a printer driver is installed. It appears as a faint rectangle outline. The Minimal Margin guideline shows the printable area for the installed printer; most printers will not print to the edge of the paper. This guideline is created automatically and can be turned off by hiding all guidelines.

Although guidelines are saved on the master page, if you add or remove a guideline to a document page, Calamus will automatically insert or delete the same guideline on any pages to which the respective master page is assigned. Pages within the document which use a different master page will not be affected.


Vertical Guideline

This icon and the next five are mutually exclusive; only one can be selected at a time. If you select this icon, the pointer becomes a cross hair when it is over the layout window. Guidelines appear as light dashed lines. Every time you click the mouse, a vertical guideline will be installed at the cross hair position. To abort guideline placement, click the right mouse button.


Horizontal Guideline

This function is identical to the Vertical Guideline function described above except that it installs horizontal guidelines.


Move Vertical or Horizontal Guideline

To move a guideline, click the icon, and hold down the left button while moving the mouse; or press [Shift] and click a guideline; the Guideline Placement dialog box will appear and let you enter precise settings.


Delete Guideline

After you select the eraser icon, you can delete a guideline by clicking it. You can also use the Delete All Guidelines command to remove all guidelines at once.


Set Reference Pin

The Reference Pin is used by certain modules, such as the Line Art module. This function allows you to place the pin on the page as a reference point for certain calculations. Information on this feature will be found in the module's documentation.


Vertical Guideline Snap

This icon works the same as the next five functions: click it once to activate it; click it a second time to deactivate it. If this function is active, whenever you create, move or resize a frame, the vertical edge of the frame will snap to the nearest vertical guideline.


Vertical Grid Snap

This function works the same as Vertical Guideline Snap except that frames will snap to the vertical line of the grid. This function is useful for creating evenly­spaced tables. You can use grid snap and guideline snap in the same layout. A frame which is moved or resized will snap to the nearest gridline or guideline.


Magnetic Vertical Frame

When this function is selected, a frame will snap to a specified border inside or outside a selected frame. The principle involved is the same as that of the previous two functions. See Grid, Layout Ruler and Magnetic Frames, below, for more information.


Horizontal Guideline Snap

This function works the same as Vertical Guideline Snap, above, except horizontal guidelines are in effect. When you move or resize a frame, the horizontal edge of the frame will snap to the nearest horizontal guideline. Creating a frame between two horizontal guidelines causes the top and bottom edges of the selected frame to snap to the top and bottom guidelines, respectively.


Horizontal Grid Snap

This function works the same as Vertical Grid Snap, above, except that the snap is to the horizontal lines of the grid.


Magnetic Horizontal Frame

This function works the same as Magnetic Vertical Frame, above, except that the horizontal borders of selected frames are used. See Grid, Layout Ruler and Magnetic Frames, below, for more information.


Set Columns and Rows

This function creates guidelines for columns, rows, and margins. Set the number of rows and columns and the space to be left between rows and between columns. The unit of measurement for all settings is established in the Set Units of Measure function in the Page module later in this chapter.

If you enter 0 for the number of rows, the values for the top and bottom margins and row spacing will be ignored. Likewise, if you enter 0 for the number of columns, the left and right margin settings and column spacing will be ignored.

Make sure Guideline display is active. You cannot erase guidelines set by this function by using the Delete Guideline function; to remove guidelines, recall the dialog box and enter  0 for both columns and rows. You must select Vertical Guideline Snap and Horizontal Guideline Snap if you want frames to snap to row and column guidelines. These guidelines are represented by a dot­dash line.


Grid, Layout Ruler and Magnetic Frames

This command allows you to configure the grid, layout rulers and, in the case of magnetic frames, the size of the border area. When you click the icon, this dialog box will appear:

The top section allows you to set the position and size of the grid. The X­Origin and Y­Origin fields specify where the grid should start. You may also specify the height and width of the grid. The unit of measure is the one selected in Set Units of Measure in the Page module later in this chapter.

If a grid already exists, it will disappear and the new one will take its place. If grid snap is active, the size and position of existing frames will only change if you move or resize them.

The second section allows you to specify where the two layout rulers should start. Normally, they will start measuring from the top left corner of the page in both horizontal and vertical directions. You can set a different X and/or Y origin so that the layout rulers can, for example, begin measuring from the top­left corner of the first text column.

The bottom section allows you to specify the border area of magnetic frames. This is the distance from the edge of the actual frame to where other frames will snap. If you change these values, the size and position of existing frames will only change if you move or resize them.


Delete All Guidelines

This function allows you to delete all guidelines from the current page. As any such deletion will automatically affect the master page, the guidelines will disappear on all pages which use the same master page. An alert appears, asking if you really want to delete the guidelines.


Display Command Group

Functions:

 	Show Frame Contents

 	Show Text Frame Contents

 	Show Raster Graphic Frame Contents

 	Show Vector Graphic Frame Contents

 	Show Line Frame Contents

 	Show Raster Area Frame Contents

 	Show Tiling Frame Contents

 	Show Group Frame Contents

Show Uniframe Contents

 	Show Master Page Elements

 	Show Frame Borders

 	Make Invisible Frames Selectable

 	Module Information

 	Show Guidelines

 	Show Grid

 	Show Magnetic Frame Border

 	Show Long Cross Hair

 	Show Layout Rulers

The contents of some types of frame, such as vector graphic frames, can take a long time to refresh. To speed up refresh, Calamus lets you make the contents of frames invisible. As a result, you may see the border of the frames, but not their contents. You can still print frames whose contents are invisible.


Show Frame Contents

These eight icons allow you to show or hide the contents of their respective frame types. The purpose of the function is to speed up screen refresh. Click the icon of the frame type whose contents you wish to hide. The contents will disappear and an X will cover the frame provided that frame borders are visible, otherwise, the frame will disappear too. You may also see the frame name in the frame, if a name was assigned, or a filename if the frame contains imported data.

When you attempt to print a document that has frames with invisible contents, Calamus will ask if you wish to print all frames or only those whose contents are visible.


Show Master Page Elements

This icon allows you to show or hide master page elements. If you print a document which contains hidden master page elements, Calamus will ask if you want to print them.


Show Frame Borders

This command allows you to show or hide frame borders. The borders (dotted lines) appear only on the screen and are not printed. When you hide frame borders, you get a cleaner representation on screen of how the printed document will look.


Make Invisible Frames Selectable

If you click this icon, you will be able to select and modify frames whose contents are hidden. You can move or resize raster images and vector graphics more quickly when the contents are invisible because Calamus will not have to refresh them. Care is needed when using this function because the actual contents are hidden.


Module Information On/Off

A uniframe holds data associated with a specific module. Some modules add information. This function turns the display of that information on or off. Further information is available within the documentation of modules using this function.


Show Guidelines, Grid and Magnetic Frame Border

These functions allow you to show or hide guidelines, grid lines and magnetic frame borders. Snap and magnetic border functions, if selected, will still be active when these lines are hidden.


Show Long Cross Hair

Instead of the normal pointer, which can appear as an arrow, hand, cross hair or text cursor, you can use the long cross hair in the layout window. This function switches between the normal pointers and the long cross hair. With the long cross hair, you can still tell the Text and Frame modes apart: in the Text module's Create mode, the two lines of the cross hair are joined; while in Modify mode there will be a space where they should meet. In Frame mode, the pointer represents Create mode; the hand represents Modify mode.


Show Layout Rulers

Horizontal and vertical layout rulers allow you to measure frames. This function allows you to show or hide these layout rulers. The rulers will appear on the top and left edges of the layout window, and provide an overview of where things are on the page. The unit of measure is the one chosen under Set Units of Measure in the Page module. You can change the X and Y origins of the rulers in the Grid, Layout Ruler and Magnetic Frames dialog box.


Text, Raster and Vector Graphic Frames

These frame types are similar because they allow the import of elements from other programs as well as the export of elements from Calamus. The Import and Export functions are explained in Menus, chapter 2. Refer also to Appendix H for a table of supported import and export drivers.


Text Frames and Graphic Frames

Text and graphics can be edited using the appropriate modules. The Text, Text Style and Text Editor modules are used for text editing. The Vector Editor module edits vector graphics. For raster graphics, a number of external applications which support OLE (Object Linking and Embedding) can also be used.


Line Frames and Raster Area Frames

These frame types and their related functions are discussed in the Line and Raster Area sections later in this chapter. These modules provide similar editing functions.


Tiling Frames

Tiling frames allow you to print selected portions of a document. This is necessary when your printer uses paper which is smaller than your document page. For example, if you are producing a double page size (11x16.29) document, but your laser printer only prints letter size (8.5x11) pages, the tiling function will allow you to print the document in two smaller sections or tiles.

Tiling frames can be created manually or automatically. The manual options are: Adjustable, Portrait and Landscape. If you select either Portrait or Landscape mode, a tiling frame will appear in the chosen orientation on the page. Portrait and Landscape tiling frames will be the same size as the printable area for the currently­installed printer. If you choose Adjustable, you can create a frame of any size or orientation. These three options are useful for printing portions of a single page. If you want to print tiles on more than one page, you can use the Automatic Tiling function.

Click the Automatic Tiling icon and this dialog box will appear:

If you want to create overlapping tiles for alignment purposes, enter a value in the respective fields. Tiles may be rotated or unrotated by clicking the appropriate buttons.

Set the page range in which you wish to create tiling frames and click the Calculate button to see how many tiles will be needed. You may also choose to delete any tiles that are already in the document when new tiles are created by clicking Yes in the Delete Current Tiles field. Finally, click Delete to remove all tiles or click Create to draw new ones.


Text Flow Examples

To arrange text in the shape of a triangle, create two inverted triangular raster area frames over the text:

Now, select the text frame and click the icon to flow text left and right of the frame.

Select the first raster area frame by clicking it, and the second raster area frame by clicking it while holding down the [Shift] key. Click the flow text icon once more.

If you are happy with the shape of the text, delete the raster area frames.

Line frames offer even more possibilities. Text can flow on both sides of a line. This way, you can create an empty streak as wide as the line weight:

Slanting text margins is easily done with triangular raster areas, as shown on the next page.

Arrange two triangular raster areas on top of an empty text frame, as shown below. Select all three frames and use Flow Text Left and Right to create a text flow path; then delete the triangles. When you add text to the frame, the margins will slant up from left to right.


X and Y Values

The top of the dialog box shows the X and Y values as you move the cross hair pointer. This can be useful for precisely defining control line settings. The X and Y scales range from 0 to 255. There are also X% and Y% indicators if you prefer to work in percentages. In the top­right section of the dialog box is the drop­down color list. For monochrome or grayscale images, Black is the only color. For color images, RGB or CYMK are selectable.


Adjust Intensity and Contrast

In the next section are the controls to adjust Intensity and Contrast. Click the left arrow button to reduce; click the right arrow button to increase.


Freehand, Bezier and Gamma Control

The middle­right section contains two settings for manipulating the control line, and a gamma control function. The control line may be adjusted using the Freehand or Bézier options. Freehand lets you drag the control line with the cross hair pointer. The Bézier option places two control points on the control line. Dragging a control point creates a smoother curve in the control line and, consequently, smoother tone changes in the image.

The Gamma control function lets you adjust the darkness of an image without affecting shadows or highlights. The gamma settings affect the middle gray levels of an image, while leaving black and white areas alone. A setting of 1.5 to 1.8 is average. Images shown on television typically have a gamma level of 2.2.  The gamma level may also be adjusted for the kind of paper used in printing. Highly reflective papers produce middle gray levels differently from light absorbing surfaces.

To set the gamma level, click the Gamma button and select a level from the drop­down list; or enter a custom value in the input field.


Cut, Paste and Store Control Lines

Click the camera icon to copy the current control line to the clipboard; click the glue icon to paste a control line from the clipboard to the control line window. Use the clipboard to store a control line while you experiment with other settings.


Neutralize and Invert Control Lines

The two buttons in the bottom­right section allow you to choose pre­defined control lines. Neutral produces the standard 1:1 diagonal control line; Invert changes the direction of the control line so that everything white becomes black and vice versa, thereby producing a negative of the image.


Apply to All

When working with color images, control lines for Red, Green, Blue or Cyan, Yellow, Magenta or Black can be manipulated. Apply to All will apply the current control line to all three colors.


Load and Save Control Lines

The Load and Save buttons allow you to record and reuse pre­defined control lines. When you click one of these buttons, the file selector will appear. You may then enter a filename for the control line you are saving, or select a predefined control line. Control lines use CK1 (monochrome) and CK3, CK4 (color) extensions.

Be careful not to click the OK button until you are certain that you want to use the new control line; Calamus will recalculate the values for the image and save them with it. As a result, the original data from the image will no longer exist. Since a neutral control line has 256 grayscale levels corresponding to 256 raster values, you could lose some information if you have modified the control line. The exception is if you have only used the Invert feature.


Adjustable Tile

The Adjustable tile frame is like any other frame which can be moved or resized. Whatever is inside an adjustable tiling frame will be printed. Of course, the frame should be no larger than the maximum size of the paper in the printer. This type of tiling is useful when you only want to print part of a page. Click the icon and draw the adjustable tile frame. To print a tile, choose Selected Tiles in the Printer Settings dialog box.


Portrait Tile

In this function, each tile will be in portrait format and exactly as large as the printable area of the paper. (Most printers do not print to the edge of the page.) To place a portrait tile, click once at the top­left corner of the area to be tiled. A second click in the document window will automatically create a page­size portrait tile.

You can move the tile wherever you like, but if you want to change the size or shape of the tile, click the Adjustable Tile icon first.


Landscape Tile

This function is identical to the Portrait Tile function, above, except that the tile will have horizontal orientation.


Automatic Tiling

This function lets Calamus calculate tiling automatically. When you click the icon, the Automatic Tiling dialog box, appears.

The values at the top of the dialog box show the current size of the document page and the maximum printable area on each sheet of paper for the current printer driver. The area below allows you to specify a number of options for tiling: orientation, horizontal and vertical overlap, and page range. The functions at the bottom will create or delete tiling frames on the pages specified in the page range.

Let's take a closer look at the functions of this dialog box. The Calculate function is used after you have entered orientation and overlap settings. When you click the Calculate button, the number of Tiles Needed will be displayed.

In the Orientation fields you may choose Unrotated or Rotated. This directly affects the type of tiling frame selected. If you choose Rotated for portrait tiling frames, landscape frames will be used. Similarly, rotated landscape frames would result in the use of portrait frames.

The Horizontal Overlap and Vertical Overlap fields let you specify the amount of overlap for adjacent tiling frames.

The page range for creating and deleting tiling frames is entered in the next fields. Enter the page numbers to set the page range.

Delete Current Tiles will automatically remove any tiling frames found in the specified page range when new tiles are created.

Click the Create button to place tiling frames on the specified pages. Click the Delete button to manually remove tiling frames from the specified pages.

Once tiles are created and placed on each document page, you may direct Calamus to print all tiles, none of them, or only those which are selected on each page. Additional information is found in the  Printer Settings, chapter 3.